A-Z: VIPs (Phrases) Every Genetics Enthusiast Must Know!

There was this interesting question I came across: "Hypothetically, humanity is about to lose all its previous knowledge. You can pass on only 1 thing to 'new Humanity' who basically knows nothing. What scientific concept would that be?" This piqued my curiosity and I encourage you to think about it. It could be anything at all- from orbital hybridisation to the Red Shift, from DNA to Relativity! (There's no guarantee that 'new Humanity' would understand these things but it's an interesting question anyway.)¹

While thinking about that, I realised (albeit indirectly) that to know what genetics, or evo-devo, or molecular biology is, you must be familiar with the important lingo which is commonly used, otherwise it would feel like everyone's speaking Latin but you're from Mars. 

And that, my dear Watson, is why I'm starting another parallel series containing explanations for these Very Important Phrases (VIPs), because:
A. it is crucial to understand them, and
B. so that when I gradually increase the complexity of this blog, topics might be easier to understand². 

So, here's to starting off "A-Z: Very Important Phrases (VIPs) Every Genetics Enthusiast Must Know!"

The Table Of Contents: (hyperlinked once they are published.)

Alleles and Chromosomes
Bacteriophages & Viruses
CRISPR, cas9 & Gene Editing
DNA: The wonder polymer
Evolution & Phylogenetic Trees 
Frame Shift and Other Mutations 
Genomics
Hardy-Weinberg & Population Studies
Inheritance & Pedigree Analysis
Junk DNA?
Karyotype
Linkage, Recombination and Non-Mendelian Genetics
Mendelian Genetics
Natural Selection & Speciation  
Okazaki Fragments & DNA Replication
PCR 
Quantitative Genetics & Phenotypes 
RNA Splicing & Protein Synthesis
Sexual Life Cycles: Mitosis and Meiosis 
Transduction & Transformation
Understanding the Operon concept
Vectors
Western Blotting and Other Techniques
X chromosome
Y chromosome
Zygosity, Zygotes & Z-DNA

See you there!

-------------------------*********--------------------------------------
¹ I do not mean to insinuate that any topic in science is more important, I felt the question was interesting- since everybody would have different opinions and each topic of science is important in its own way!  
² Till now, I have tried my best to explain concepts in layman's terms, but going ahead, since I would be dealing with more complex ideas, it would be best to explain the lay of the land here.